" "
This commit is contained in:
parent
324b52a373
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main.ipynb
195
main.ipynb
@ -26,21 +26,21 @@
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"* https://docs.python.org/3/\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/ \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/ \n",
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" read through this\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/library/ \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/library/ \n",
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" before you start implementing something or looking for pip packages\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html \n",
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" to load C-like DLLs\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/extending/ \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/extending/ \n",
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" if you need C\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/ \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/ \n",
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" there's a lot of important stuff posted there, actually (e.g. `match` keyword)\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/reference/ \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/reference/ \n",
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" in-depth about python itself\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html \\\n",
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" * https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html \n",
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" the most important part from that reference\n",
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"* https://wiki.python.org/moin/FrontPage \\\n",
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"* https://wiki.python.org/moin/FrontPage \n",
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" at the moment of writing, haven't read much of it"
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]
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},
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@ -55,6 +55,153 @@
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"Even a dynamically typed language can sometimes, at least, declare types. Python has built-in support for that via annotations."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 5,
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"id": "5477e321-dc9a-4c9a-a4b6-a2549c0c0d37",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"import typing"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "990298fd-f154-45c7-b9a7-af63ae6e7c4e",
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"metadata": {
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"jp-MarkdownHeadingCollapsed": true,
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"tags": []
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},
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"source": [
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"## Declaring a type"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "de9d52c9-6df3-4427-b316-587b56347cd4",
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"metadata": {
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"tags": []
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},
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"source": [
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"### For a variable"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 4,
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"id": "0e87b508-7845-4678-8134-884643f52213",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"num0: int\n",
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"num0 = 1\n",
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"num1: int = 1"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "ccde8fee-3003-4842-bec8-8f118e95b17e",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"### For a function"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 7,
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"id": "0a72a4e0-0e01-498f-b770-e48116d5a97b",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"def fn0(x: int) -> int:\n",
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" return x\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"fn1: typing.Callable[[int], int]\n",
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"def fn1(x):\n",
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" return x"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "36c05f51-5422-41c7-a461-7f766c04b088",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"### Of a generic"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 8,
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"id": "267accf3-6ab5-421a-a349-04d21669e586",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"list0: list[int] = [0, 1]\n",
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"dict0: dict[str, int] = {'0': 0, '1': 1}"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "a52cf44c-aa01-40c9-9adc-e838da385b28",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"### Of a union"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 9,
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"id": "eef4b91f-9a86-4d40-a049-d54f6a6f230f",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"optional0: int | None = 0\n",
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"optional1: typing.Union[int, None] = None\n",
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"optional2: typing.Optional[int] = None\n",
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"optional2 = -1"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "82158316-a752-4bcf-bd6f-c4cde017096b",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"### example with match\n",
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"though annotations don't usually influence anything during runtime, they make programming easier"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 10,
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"id": "de6fd23d-1a81-47cc-ba84-b2f97ebe2cb3",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"('12', '12', None)"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 10,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"def join(a: list[int] | set[str] | None) -> str | None:\n",
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" match a:\n",
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" case list():\n",
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" return ''.join(map(str, a))\n",
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" case set():\n",
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" return ''.join(a)\n",
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" case _:\n",
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" return None\n",
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"\n",
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"result: tuple[str | None, str | None, str | None] = join([1, 2]), join({\"1\", \"2\"}), join(None)\n",
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"result"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "c726cf29-f81e-4e52-95f1-128057fe4d0a",
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@ -165,7 +312,7 @@
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},
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"source": [
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"# asyncio\n",
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"If you do anything with IO, you should probably do it **asynchronously** \\\n",
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"If you do anything with IO, you should probably do it **asynchronously** \n",
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"https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html"
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]
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},
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@ -187,13 +334,13 @@
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},
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"source": [
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"## Background\n",
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"The most prominent use of async IO is undoubtably anything that has to do with JavaScript (the web programming language). \\\n",
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"Due to \\{1) limitations in performance 2) single-threaded environment (that can't allow any freezes) 3) constantly working with high-latency IO (because internet, client- and server-side) of high frequency (and high (number-wise) loads for servers)\\}, JS kind of has to resort to using an event loop. \\\n",
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"All IO in JS is forced to be async. \\\n",
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"In browsers that is to prevent incompetent or malicious actors from killing your browser (or parts of it). \\\n",
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"In Node that is to prevent obviously unnecessary blocking of code to achieve better performance. \\\n",
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"Ryan Dahl on Node.js: \\\n",
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"https://youtu.be/ztspvPYybIY \\\n",
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"The most prominent use of async IO is undoubtably anything that has to do with JavaScript (the web programming language). \n",
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"Due to \\{1) limitations in performance 2) single-threaded environment (that can't allow any freezes) 3) constantly working with high-latency IO (because internet, client- and server-side) of high frequency (and high (number-wise) loads for servers)\\}, JS kind of has to resort to using an event loop. \n",
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"All IO in JS is forced to be async. \n",
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"In browsers that is to prevent incompetent or malicious actors from killing your browser (or parts of it). \n",
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"In Node that is to prevent obviously unnecessary blocking of code to achieve better performance. \n",
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"Ryan Dahl on Node.js: \n",
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"https://youtu.be/ztspvPYybIY \n",
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"https://youtu.be/jo_B4LTHi3I"
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]
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},
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@ -205,8 +352,8 @@
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},
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"source": [
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"## Level 0: working inside async framework\n",
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"If you've ever worked with `aiohttp` or `discord.py`/`disnake`, you've probably encountered `async`/`await` syntax. \\\n",
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"It may seems like these frameworks just make you put this magic words here and there. \\\n",
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"If you've ever worked with `aiohttp` or `discord.py`/`disnake`, you've probably encountered `async`/`await` syntax. \n",
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"It may seems like these frameworks just make you put this magic words here and there. \n",
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"But there are reasons for both these magic words."
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]
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},
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@ -218,7 +365,7 @@
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},
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"source": [
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"### `async def` -- define an asynchronous function (coroutine)\n",
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"`async` here signals to python that the function might use `await`s inside it. \\\n",
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"`async` here signals to python that the function might use `await`s inside it. \n",
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"Statements *inside* coroutines are guaranteed to happen in sequence with each other"
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]
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},
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@ -230,11 +377,11 @@
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},
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"source": [
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"### `await` -- virtually block on a future or on another coroutine and return result\n",
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"While coroutine `await`s, other coroutines can be (and, probably, are) doing their own stuff. \\\n",
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"Any code between `await`s happens sequentially with all the other code, i.e. unlike `threading`, `async` does not mix statements unpredictably. \\\n",
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"You always have the exclusive and direct control of data in code fragments where you don't `await`. \\\n",
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"Expression `(await f(...))` where `f` is defined as `async def f(...): ...` with `return x` evaluates to that `x`. \\\n",
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"Expression `(await future)` where `f` is `asyncio.Future` that has someone call `.set_result(x)` evaluates to that `x`. \\"
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"While coroutine `await`s, other coroutines can be (and, probably, are) doing their own stuff. \n",
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"Any code between `await`s happens sequentially with all the other code, i.e. unlike `threading`, `async` does not mix statements unpredictably. \n",
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"You always have the exclusive and direct control of data in code fragments where you don't `await`. \n",
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"Expression `(await f(...))` where `f` is defined as `async def f(...): ...` with `return x` evaluates to that `x`. \n",
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"Expression `(await future)` where `f` is `asyncio.Future` that has someone call `.set_result(x)` evaluates to that `x`. "
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]
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},
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{
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Block a user