stackless

src/func.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub mod test_suite;
 pub mod tests;
 
 pub trait WeakFunctor {
-    type F<'a, A>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> : 'a;
 }
 
 /// Rust-specific implementation of [Functor], respecting `move` semantics.

src/func/classes.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-pub mod compositionclass;
+pub mod composition;
-pub mod futureclass;
+pub mod future;
-pub mod lazyclass;
+pub mod lazy;
-pub mod optionclass;
+pub mod option;
-pub mod resultclass;
+pub mod result;
-pub mod soloclass;
+pub mod solo;
+pub mod stackless;

src/func/classes/composition.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::func::*;
 struct CompositionClass<U, V>(U, V);
 
 impl<U: WeakFunctor, V: WeakFunctor> WeakFunctor for CompositionClass<U, V> {
-    type F<'a, A> = U::F<'a, V::F<'a, A>>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = U::F<'a, V::F<'a, A>>;
 }
 
 impl<U: Functor, V: Functor> Functor for CompositionClass<U, V> {

src/func/classes/future.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::func::*;
 pub struct FutureClass;
 
 impl WeakFunctor for FutureClass {
-    type F<'a, A> = Pin<Box<dyn 'a + Future<Output = A>>>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = Pin<Box<dyn 'a + Future<Output = A>>>;
 }
 
 impl Functor for FutureClass {

src/func/classes/lazy.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::func::*;
 struct LazyClass;
 
 impl WeakFunctor for LazyClass {
-    type F<'a, A> = Box<dyn 'a + FnOnce() -> A>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = Box<dyn 'a + FnOnce() -> A>;
 }
 
 impl Functor for LazyClass {

src/func/classes/option.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::func::*;
 pub struct OptionClass;
 
 impl WeakFunctor for OptionClass {
-    type F<'a, A> = Option<A>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = Option<A>;
 }
 
 impl Functor for OptionClass {
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ impl Monad for OptionClass {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod option_tests {
-    use super::{test_suite, tests};
+    use super::{test_suite, tests, Functor};
 
-    use super::{Functor, OptionClass as T};
+    use super::OptionClass as T;
 
     impl tests::Eqr for T {
-        fn eqr<'a, A: PartialEq + std::fmt::Debug>(
+        fn eqr<'a, A: PartialEq + std::fmt::Debug + 'a>(
             name: &'a str,
             left: Self::F<'a, A>,
             right: Self::F<'a, A>,

src/func/classes/result.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::func::*;
 
-pub struct ResultClass<E>(E);
+pub struct ResultClass<E: 'static>(E);
 
 impl<E> WeakFunctor for ResultClass<E> {
-    type F<'a, A> = Result<A, E>;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = Result<A, E>;
 }
 
 impl<E> Functor for ResultClass<E> {

src/func/classes/solo.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::func::*;
 pub struct SoloClass;
 
 impl WeakFunctor for SoloClass {
-    type F<'a, A> = A;
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = A;
 }
 
 impl Functor for SoloClass {

src/func/classes/stackless.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+use std::{cell::Cell, rc::Rc};
+
+use crate::func::*;
+
+enum EvalTree<'a> {
+    Atom(Box<dyn 'a + FnOnce() -> Option<EvalTree<'a>>>),
+    Composite(Box<EvalTree<'a>>, Box<EvalTree<'a>>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> EvalTree<'a> {
+    fn next(self) -> Option<EvalTree<'a>> {
+        match self {
+            EvalTree::Atom(f) => f(),
+            EvalTree::Composite(left, right) => match *left {
+                EvalTree::Atom(f) => match f() {
+                    Some(newleft) => Some(EvalTree::Composite(Box::new(newleft), right)),
+                    None => Some(*right),
+                },
+                EvalTree::Composite(leftleft, leftright) => Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                    leftleft,
+                    Box::new(EvalTree::Composite(leftright, right)),
+                )),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Stackless<'a, A: 'a>(
+    Box<dyn 'a + FnOnce(Box<dyn 'a + FnOnce(A)>) -> Option<EvalTree<'a>>>,
+);
+
+fn set_cell<A>(cell: Rc<Cell<Option<A>>>, a: A) -> () {
+    if cell.replace(Some(a)).is_some() {
+        panic!("MITM overwritten")
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_cell<A>(cell: Rc<Cell<Option<A>>>) -> A {
+    match cell.replace(None) {
+        Some(val) => val,
+        None => panic!("MITM not set"),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, A: 'a> Stackless<'a, A> {
+    fn call(self, f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A)) -> Option<EvalTree<'a>> {
+        self.0(Box::new(f))
+    }
+
+    fn bind<B: 'a>(self, f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A) -> Stackless<'a, B>) -> Stackless<'a, B> {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesb| {
+            let lcell = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
+            let rcell = lcell.clone();
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    self.call(move |a| set_cell(lcell, a))
+                }))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    let stackless = f(get_cell(rcell));
+                    Some(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| stackless.0(takesb))))
+                }))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn map<B: 'a>(self, f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A) -> B) -> Stackless<'a, B> {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesb| {
+            let lcell = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
+            let rcell = lcell.clone();
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    self.call(move |a| set_cell(lcell, a))
+                }))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    let b = f(get_cell(rcell));
+                    Some(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| {
+                        takesb(b);
+                        None
+                    })))
+                }))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluate(self) -> A {
+        let ocell = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
+        let icell = ocell.clone();
+        let mut eval = self.call(|a| set_cell(icell, a));
+        while let Some(tree) = eval {
+            eval = tree.next()
+        }
+        get_cell(ocell)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, A: 'a> From<A> for Stackless<'a, A> {
+    fn from(value: A) -> Self {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesa| {
+            Some(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| {
+                takesa(value);
+                None
+            })))
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+struct StacklessClass;
+
+impl WeakFunctor for StacklessClass {
+    type F<'a, A: 'a> = Stackless<'a, A>;
+}
+
+impl Functor for StacklessClass {
+    fn fmap<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A) -> B, fa: Self::F<'a, A>) -> Self::F<'a, B>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        fa.map(f)
+    }
+
+    fn replace<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(fa: Self::F<'a, A>, b: B) -> Self::F<'a, B>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesb| {
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || fa.call(drop)))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    takesb(b);
+                    None
+                }))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ApplicativeSeq for StacklessClass {
+    fn seq<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(
+        ff: Self::F<'a, impl 'a + FnOnce(A) -> B>,
+        fa: Self::F<'a, A>,
+    ) -> Self::F<'a, B>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        ff.bind(|f| fa.map(f))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ApplicativeLA2 for StacklessClass {
+    fn la2<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a, C: 'a>(
+        f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A, B) -> C,
+        fa: Self::F<'a, A>,
+        fb: Self::F<'a, B>,
+    ) -> Self::F<'a, C>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        Self::_la2(f, fa, fb)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Applicative for StacklessClass {
+    fn pure<'a, A: 'a>(a: A) -> Self::F<'a, A> {
+        Stackless::from(a)
+    }
+
+    fn discard_first<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(fa: Self::F<'a, A>, fb: Self::F<'a, B>) -> Self::F<'a, B>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesb| {
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| fa.call(drop)))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| fb.0(takesb)))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn discard_second<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(fa: Self::F<'a, A>, fb: Self::F<'a, B>) -> Self::F<'a, A>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesa| {
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| fa.0(takesa)))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| fb.call(drop)))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Monad for StacklessClass {
+    fn bind<'a, A: 'a, B: 'a>(
+        fa: Self::F<'a, A>,
+        f: impl 'a + FnOnce(A) -> Self::F<'a, B>,
+    ) -> Self::F<'a, B>
+    where
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        fa.bind(f)
+    }
+    fn join<'a, A: 'a>(ffa: Self::F<'a, Self::F<'a, A>>) -> Self::F<'a, A>
+    where
+        Self::F<'a, A>: 'a,
+        Self: 'a,
+    {
+        Stackless(Box::new(|takesa| {
+            let lcell = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
+            let rcell = lcell.clone();
+            Some(EvalTree::Composite(
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    ffa.call(move |a| set_cell(lcell, a))
+                }))),
+                Box::new(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(move || {
+                    let stackless = get_cell(rcell);
+                    Some(EvalTree::Atom(Box::new(|| stackless.0(takesa))))
+                }))),
+            ))
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod stackless_test {
+    use super::{test_suite, tests, Stackless};
+
+    use super::StacklessClass as T;
+
+    impl tests::Eqr for T {
+        fn eqr<'a, A: PartialEq + std::fmt::Debug + 'a>(
+            name: &'a str,
+            left: Self::F<'a, A>,
+            right: Self::F<'a, A>,
+        ) -> tests::R {
+            tests::eqr(name, left.evaluate(), right.evaluate())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl test_suite::FunctorTestSuite for T {
+        fn sample<'a, A: 'a, F: FnMut(&'a dyn Fn(A) -> Self::F<'a, A>)>(mut f: F)
+        where
+            Self::F<'a, A>: 'a,
+        {
+            f(&|a| a.into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn monad_follows_laws() {
+        test_suite::monad_follows_laws::<T>().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn factorial(n: u32) -> Stackless<'static, u32> {
+        if n > 0 {
+            Stackless::from(()).bind(move |_| factorial(n - 1).map(move |acc| acc * n))
+        } else {
+            1.into()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn dumb(n: u32) -> Stackless<'static, u32> {
+        if n > 0 {
+            Stackless::from(()).bind(move |_| dumb(n - 1).map(move |acc| acc + 1))
+        } else {
+            0.into()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_factorial() {
+        assert_eq!(factorial(10).evaluate(), 3628800);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dumb() {
+        assert_eq!(dumb(1000).evaluate(), 1000);
+    }
+}

src/func/tests.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl R {
 }
 
 pub trait Eqr: WeakFunctor {
-    fn eqr<'a, A: PartialEq + Debug>(
+    fn eqr<'a, A: PartialEq + Debug + 'a>(
         name: &'a str,
         left: Self::F<'a, A>,
         right: Self::F<'a, A>,